海外并购中的重大不利事件条款如何制定?
张伟华 张伟华   2015-03-10

Material Adverse Effect/Material Adverse Change/Material Adverse Event (MAE/MAC重大不利变化事件): 重大不利变化事件是一个在国际油气并购交易中非常重要的概念,几乎所有海外并购交易文件中均中包含重大不利事件条款,而且交易双方往往投入许多时间和精力对此概念进行谈判和沟通。由于重大不利变化事件条款的高度技术化,参与并购的商务人员和经验不足的律师对此条款很难有较为深入的了解,本文试着对该条款做一全面的解读。

 

| MAC/MAE的定义

 

MAC/MAE定义一般表述为,在过渡期,目标资产或目标公司(或者是目标公司旗下重要的子公司,重大不利变化发生的主体,是否包括Target company或是Target Company下重要Subsidiary等,也是交易双方谈判的点)发生或者预期发生(“prospects” ,这个词是否放入,也是交易双方的一个谈判点)重大变化的程度达到对目标资产或公司产生重大不利时,则买方有权退出交易(较常见)或者重新谈判交易(较为不常见)。

 

根据有关权威的研究报告,在采用MAC/MAE条款的交易中, 77%的交易将未来因素(Prospects)考虑到MAC/MAE事件定义中,比如,对于合理预见到可能引发重大不利后果的事件被归为MAC/MAE事件。从买方的角度看,在国际并购交易文件中放入重大不利事件条款很自然,如果签署交易文件后,目标公司和目标资产发生了规定的重大变化,不是想要的东西了,自然需要有权退出交易;从卖方的角度看,尽管买方的想法有合理性,但需要尽量限制重大不利事件的范围和内容。

 

| 重大不利变化条款的三种起草方式

 

在文件起草的技术性上,重大不利变化在并购交易中的出现可以分为三类:一种叫Standalone MAC/MAE,即签字日起,直接在交易文件中明确没有MAC/MAE的陈述与保证,并在涉及到的相关陈述与保证中将MAC/MAE的概念植入;另一种叫Backdoor MAC/MAE, 即从估值日起作出未发生MAC/MAE的陈述与保证,同时交割日时No MAC/MAE(没有重大不利事件)作为交割条件(Representation + warranty bring-down);第三类就是将Standalone MAC/MAE和Backdoor MAC/MAE放到一起,大多数交易文件是将Standalone MAC/MAE和Backdoor MAC/MAE放到一起。

 

对重大不利变化的描述一般分为三种方式,一种是概括性描述(定性),一种是定量描述,一种把定量和定性结合起来。定性就是概括的描述对公司或资产产生了重大不利影响,定量就是放入一定公司或资产比例,比如20%或者30%的变化。在国际并购交易谈判中,卖方一般不会接受将MAC/MAE条款进行定量。美国律协曾经有过一个调查报告证实了该等市场观点:在所调查交易文件的MAC/MAE条款中,对MAC/MAE进行中重大性进行定量的交易极少,只占4%。从笔者的并购交易经验来看,不是买方不要定量的问题,而是卖方不愿意给的问题,如果MAC/MAE将定性和定量两个因素都嵌入到文中中去,则买方利用MAC/MAE条款退出交易的可能性将大大增加。当然,如果量定得过高,因为定性和定量的比较问题,则可能成为双刃剑。

 

卖方一般会要求如下事件不能视为重大不利变化(即排除事件,carve out):油价变化、股价变化、国际或者国内经济形势的变化、宣告交易、并购文件所规定的行为、法律法规以及一般公认会计准则(GAAP)的改变、公司的运营结果不及预期、战争、恐怖主义或者是未解决的诉讼等等。根据美国律协的研究报告,在拥有MAC/MAE条款的并购交易中,83%的交易包括有排除事件,而2010年包括排除事件的交易比例仅占60%,最主要的排除事件还是经济形势和行业趋势。最近重大不利事件中的排除事项有如下动态:A、“Actions required by the agreement”(并购协议中要求的行为)不视为MAC/MAE事件,占到61%,而2010年比例仅有33%;B、Changes in law(法律变动)不应被视为MAC/MAE事件更多的出现在排除事项中,占到了73%,比2010年的44%有明显增长;C、Financial Market downturn(资本市场恶化) 在排除事项中有所下降,占到48%,而在2010年的比例为70%。

 

下面笔者举一个世界级并购交易中MAC/MAE条款的实例来说明如何审查、撰写MAC/MAE条款。该并购交易双方是Exxon Mobile(埃克森美孚石油公司)和XTO(XTO公司,一家美国非常规油气公司)。2009年12月,Exxon Mobile宣布以支付股票的方式并购XTO,算上承担XTO 100亿美元的债务,该交易金额高达410亿美元。其中双方所经谈判后所议定的重大不利事件条款(MAC/MAE)如下:

 

“Company Material Adverse Effect” means a material adverse effect on the financial condition, business, assets or results of operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, excluding any effect resulting from, arising out of or relating to

 

(A) changes in the financial or securities markets or general economic or political conditions in the United States or elsewhere in the world,

 

(B) other than with respect to changes to Applicable Laws related to hydraulic fracturing or similar processes that would reasonably be expected to have the effect of making illegal or commercially impracticable such hydraulic fracturing or similar processes (which changes may be taken into account in determining whether there has been a Company Material Adverse Effect), changes or conditions generally affecting the oil and gas exploration, development and/or production industry or industries (including changes in oil, gas or other commodity prices),

 

(C) other than with respect to changes to Applicable Laws related to hydraulic fracturing or similar processes that would reasonably be expected to have the effect of making illegal or commercially impracticable such hydraulic fracturing or similar processes (which changes may be taken into account in determining whether there has been a Company Material Adverse Effect), any change in Applicable Law or the interpretation thereof or GAAP or the interpretation thereof,

 

(D) the negotiation, execution, announcement or consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including any adverse change in customer, distributor, supplier or similar relationships resulting therefrom,

 

(E) acts of war, terrorism, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornados or other natural disasters,

 

(F) any failure by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to meet any internal or published industry analyst projections or forecasts or estimates of revenues or earnings for any period (it being understood and agreed that the facts and circumstances that may have given rise or contributed to such failure that are not otherwise excluded from the definition of a Company Material Adverse Effect may be taken into account in determining whether there has been a Company Material Adverse Effect),

 

(G) any change in the price of the Company Stock on the NYSE (it being understood and agreed that the facts and circumstances that may have given rise or contributed to such change (but in no event changes in the trading price of Parent Stock) that are not otherwise excluded from the definition of a Company Material Adverse Effect may be taken into account in determining whether there has been a Company Material Adverse Effect); and

 

(H) compliance with the terms of, or the taking of any action required by, this Agreement; except to the extent such effects in the cases of clauses (A), (B), (C) and (E) above materially and disproportionately effect the Company and its Subsidiaries relative to other participants in the industry or industries in which the Company and its Subsidiaries operate (in which event the extent of such material and disproportionate effect may be taken into account in determining whether a Company Material Adverse Effect has occurred).

 

抛开商业谈判中Negotiation Power(谈判力量)对比及商务考量取舍等客观情况不论,站在纯粹理论的角度,上述MAC/MAE条款应如何继续修改,对Exxon Mobile更为有利?

 

笔者认为,该等MAC/MAE条款在理论上,有如下几点可以提升的地方:第一,在“or results of operations of the Company”后面加入“or prospects”,则对Exxon Mobile进一步有利,为何?如上文介绍,植入了未来预期的概念,对买方来说,扩大了MAC/MAE概念的范围;第二,“the financial condition, business, assets or results of operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries”中,如果改为“the Company or any of its Subsidiaries”, 则对Exxon Mobile更为有利,为何?因为MAC/MAE衡量的标准被扩张到目标公司的下属公司,而非”taken as a whole”(视为一个整体)做衡量。

 

接下来,站在理论的角度,上述MAC/MAE哪些地方写的好?笔者认为,至少有三个地方值得我们借鉴:

 

第一,Exxon Mobile通过“other than with respect to changes to Applicable Laws related to hydraulic fracturing or similar processes that would reasonably be expected to have the effect of making illegal or commercially impracticable such hydraulic fracturing or similar processes (which changes may be taken into account in determining whether there has been a Company Material Adverse Effect)”的写法将水力压裂非法可能构成重大不利事件的风险转移给了XTO承担,此处的背景在于2009年年末的时候,美国国会正在兴起一股对水力压裂进行规范的风潮,Exxon Mobile成功的通过交易文本,在逻辑上规避了当时非常规油气行业所面临的最大的风险之一,而在“any change in Applicable Law or the interpretation thereof or GAAP or the interpretation thereof”的文本下,Exxon Mobile承担了其他法律变化的风险(除开水力压裂),也算是交易双方对风险的交换承受;

 

第二,比如F中的“it being understood and agreed that the facts and circumstances that may have given rise or contributed to such failure that are not otherwise excluded from the definition of a Company Material Adverse Effect may be taken into account in determining whether there has been a Company Material Adverse Effect”就是Carve out中的Carve out, 对Exxon Mobile有利;

 

第三,“except to the extent such effects in the cases of clauses (A), (B), (C) and (E) above materially and disproportionately effect the Company and its Subsidiaries relative to other participants in the industry or industries in which the Company and its Subsidiaries operate (in which event the extent of such material and disproportionate effect may be taken into account in determining whether a Company Material Adverse Effect has occurred).”中的文本进一步对金融市场、政治环境、宏观经济、法律变化和自然灾害不能构成重大不利事项作了限制,对Exxon Mobile有利。

 

在现实中,重大不利事件条款可能是律师被其他专业的人员取笑最多的条款之一:尽管交易双方的律师往往花费很大的力气和时间去沟通、谈判MAC/MAE条款的写法,但从司法实务上看,极少有买家可以利用MAC/MAE条款从并购交易中脱身。既然实务上很少可以利用MAC/MAE条款脱身,那很多读者可能会问“what is the point having an MAC/MAE clause in the merger & acquisition agreements?”

 

笔者认为,理解这个问题要从几个方面考虑:

 

1)MAC/MAE条款体现了并购交易的技术性:实务中买方很难利用MAC/MAE条款从交易中脱身的情况(买方主张MAC/MAE需要承担举证义务,而证明MAC/MAE的发生而不是MAC/MAE的carve out事项而引发是较难的事情,而在司法实务中法院往往不愿意将较短一个时期所发生的偶然事件认定为重大不利事件,进一步给证明MAC/MAE带来困难,有兴趣的读者,可自行学习Hexion Specialty Chemicals v. Huntsman corp.等关于MAC/MAE的典型案例,了解司法实务上对MAC/MAE条款的态度),并不能证明MAC/MAE条款的不重要,MAC/MAE条款的重要性在于其在逻辑上和现实上提供了买方脱身渠道和途径的可能性。在签订并购交易合约文件后,买方可以从交易脱身的途径,无非是如下几种:A、交易合约中约定的先决条件(Conditions Precedent)未能满足;B、在Long-stop Date(最终完成日)之前未能满足所有先决条件;C、买方支付事先约定的Reverse Break up fee(反向分手费);D、在交易文件规定的比如卖方重大违约、重大违反R&W(陈述和保证)或Covenant(承诺)的情况下;E、MAC/MAE的发生(当然未发生MAC/MAE事件也可以作为一个交割的先决条件放在CP中);

 

2)MAC/MAE条款体现了并购交易文本的逻辑严密性:并购交易文本需要考虑所有可能重大影响交易双方的scenario(方案),并尽量穷尽逻辑上的可能性。MAC/MAE条款无疑是并购交易文本逻辑性的一个突出体现;

 

3)在世界政治、经济等局势日益动荡不安的年代(尽管政治、经济局势往往是重大不利事件条款的除外事件),并购交易文本中需要一个重要机制- 即MAC/MAE条款对交易各方风险进行分配。当然,律师对交易条款技术性和逻辑性的迷恋,可能也是MAC/MAE条款在国际并购交易谈判中受到如此重视的原因之一。

 

 

附:国际并购项目人员在考虑撰写或审查MAC/MAE条款时应考虑事项表

 


 

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