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Season's Greetings from Legalnews
1. Hello Kitty and Hello Barbie Have Hackers Saying “Hello” To Children’s Personal Information
The end of 2015 has seen a worrisome trend in data security, with the personal information of children becoming available to hackers due to data security issues with the much-beloved American and Japanese toys Barbie and Hello Kitty.
Talk back toys allow children to speak to toys that send audio files over the Internet to a server, where responses are generated. Bluebox Security issued a report finding a number of vulnerabilities with the app and the Wi-Fi network that messages were sent over, making it easy for hackers to steal data, including children’s audio recordings.
Two app developers, LAI Systems, LLC and Retro Dreamer, are accused of violating the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) Rule. LAI Systems will pay $60,000 in civil penalties, and Retro Dreamer will pay $300,000. (Bloomberg)
学霸词汇:Hacker:电脑黑客。worrisome:adj. 令人烦恼的,令人不安的;麻烦的。vulnerabilities:缺陷,漏洞。
小编解码:凯蒂猫(Hello Kitty)和芭比娃娃(Barbie)想必大家都很熟悉,而文中提到的Hello Kitty 和Hello Barbie(一款新芭比)则是具有记录对话、和小孩谈心功能的新型联网互动玩具。例如这款新芭比能记住问题的答案,像是小孩的亲戚过世,之后它就会避免类似的话题,或是利用这个主题延伸接下来的互动内容。看这样子,物联网倒是从娃娃抓起,先从儿童玩具上实现了。
然而由此引发的,更多是对数据安全和儿童个人信息泄露的担忧。Bluebox Security(一家美国移动网络安全公司)发布报告,发现收发这些玩具信息的APP和Wi-Fi 存在许多安全漏洞。两个APP开发商LAI Systems, LLC 和Retro Dreamer也因违反《儿童在线隐私保护法案》而分别被处以 6万美元和30万美元的罚金。细思极恐,对于天真无邪的小孩,这个充满陷阱和险恶的世界已经将触角伸到了温暖的家中,需要我们从多小就要内心强大啊……
模拟微对话:
平安夜:
小明:你好!
芭比:你好,你会数数吗?
小明:会啊,这你都不会啊
芭比:那你问你爸要张信用卡,我们比比谁数的准
小明:好……稍等……老爸喝酒喝醉了,找了半天才找出来……53XX XXXX XXXX XXXX……背面的数字是:520……厉害吧
芭比:厉害!把卡收起来,我们下次接着玩!
第二天圣诞节:
小明爸:小丽呀,我信用卡是不是在你那,昨晚给你买包了没还我呀。又买啥了呀,一下子又刷光了剩下的4万,给老婆买点东西都没钱了呢……你这破芭比,别吵……
黑客:(看了看多年未联系的初恋女友小丽的照片,陷入了沉思)
2. Congress Passes U.S. Spending Bill to End Oil Export Ban
Congress passed a $1.1 trillion spending measure that averts a U.S. government shutdown and ends a 40-year-old ban on crude oil exports, a plan that ensures fiscal peace in Congress through most of 2016.
The Senate passed the bill 65-33 on Friday, shortly after a 316-113 House vote. The legislation, which will finance the government through September 2016, went to President Barack Obama, who signed it. (Bloomberg)
学霸词汇:avert:vt. 避免,防止;转移。shutdown:n. 关机;停工;关门;停播。
小编解码:美国作为头号发达国家向来注重自由贸易、减少非关税壁垒,一般很少有全面限制出口的,即便是高科技产品也是针对特定类型国家的限制,而不是全面限制。如果告诉你有一样东西美国长达四十年全面性地禁止出口,你会想到什么?没错,就是文中提到的原油!
起因正是上个世纪70年代阿拉伯国家对西方国家实施的石油禁运(oil embargo)。面对飙升的油价和高度依赖石油的工业经济,美国政府开始采取措施,一方面控制石油产品消费,另一方面限制原油出口。其后在1920年《矿产租让法案》(Mineral Leasing Act of 1920)的基础上,美国通过了1975年《能源政策和保护法案》(Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975)和1979年《出口管理法》(Export Administration Act of 1979),要求原油出口须获得许可,并在工业和安全局(Bureau of Industry and Security,BIS)的《出口管理规则》(Export Administration Regulations)的供应短缺控制中明确了对原油出口的限制。只有极少数不受许可限制的例外情况,例如阿拉斯加库克海湾生产的原油、出口到加拿大并在加拿大境内消费的原油、加利福尼亚生产的小部分重(稠)油等。
政策上的限制,加上商业上的利益考虑,导致美国原油出口从那时开始几乎可以忽略不计。不过对于煤、天然气和石油产品等其他能源物资,却并没有过多限制,可见原油(注意是地下开采出来、未经裂解处理的原油,不是汽柴煤油等)的战略物资地位。下表是从1973年阿拉伯国家对美国石油禁运以来的美国能源出口情况,其中主要的三大出口能源从上到下依次是石油产品、天然气和煤。
近些年来,美国石油工业随着新的开采技术的发展而出现新的春天,石油产量不断提高。但由于这些法律政策的限制,加上作为美国最重要原油贸易集散地、管道运输中转枢纽和WTI原油期货交割地的库欣(Cushing)地区的管道设施等条件制约,导致WTI价格与Brent之间经常出现很大的价差,美国国内石油生产者的利益受到损害。因此随着美国石油产量逐步提高,经济利益已经逐步要求摆脱法律政策上的枷锁,一些石油公司开始利用政策漏洞以凝析油(Condensate)名义进行出口,相关石油开采行业利益团体也一直在游说(Lobby)国会解除石油出口禁令。现在,他们终于如愿以偿了。
在众议院以316票对113票、参议院65票对33票通过后,美国总统奥巴马周五签署了政府支出及税务法案,正式解除了长达40年的原油出口禁令。对美国党派来说,该禁令的解除是代表大石油公司利益的共和党的胜利,不过民主党在太阳能和风能税收等环境保护措施上也获得了交换利益。听起来,共和党代表造成环境污染和气候变化的石油公司的利益,是个大坏人;民主党为清洁能源呼吁,是个大好人,不过真正的利益在哪里?那些享受清洁能源政策优惠的大企业又是谁的?无利不起早,政治是交换。
3. Nigerian farmers cleared to sue Shell in Dutch court
Nigerian farmers will have the chance to sue oil multinational Shell in a Dutch court for pollution they blame on leaking pipelines, a Dutch appeals court ruled Friday. Activists said the ruling sets a landmark legal precedent that clears the way for Dutch-based companies to be sued for alleged negligence of their subsidiaries elsewhere in the world. There is now jurisprudence that means victims of human rights violations or pollution can sue Dutch multinationals in the Netherlands, said Geert Ritsema of the Dutch arm of Friends of the Earth, the environmental group that is also involved in the case. “It cannot be established in advance that the parent company is not liable for possible negligence of the Nigerian operating company," The Hague Appeals Court said in a statement. (Breakinglegalnews)
学霸词汇:Nigerian:尼日利亚的,尼日利亚人的。Dutch:荷兰。landmark:n. [航] 陆标,地标,界标,里程碑,纪念碑,地界标,划时代的事;adj. 有重大意义或影响的。 precedent:先例。clear the way for:开路,为……做准备。 jurisprudence: 法律体系;法学及其分支;法律知识;法院审判规程。Netherlands:荷兰。
小编解码:国际石油巨头壳牌公司(Shell)由于其在尼日利亚作业的子公司管道泄漏导致的污染而将被尼日利亚的农民起诉至荷兰法院。没看明白?看图:
其实该案早在2013年荷兰法院就已经做出过判决,由壳牌尼日利亚公司承担责任,而母公司壳牌公司不承担责任;但受损农民和环保组织不甘心,又启动上诉程序。而现在荷兰上诉法院裁定有权在荷兰起诉母公司要求承担责任。其中带来的重要启示是:
(1)现在全球各国的环保意识不断加强,环境保护相关法律规定也趋于严格,需要跨国公司密切关注,尤其是原来是外部性的后果可能要转化为内部成本。另外要注意有些国家会使用环境责任、商业贿赂等作为对外国公司的打击方式和谈判筹码,放任你发生,然后再给你致命一击。
(2)该案中虽然行为及后果发生在尼日利亚,但对壳牌尼日利亚公司和壳牌公司的起诉都在荷兰法院,可见在管辖权上不能掉以轻心。
(3)不仅起诉壳牌尼日利亚公司并已获胜诉,并且现在上诉法院又明确表述不排除母公司对尼日利亚公司的过错承担责任,责任链条不断延伸。当然也可能是投资协议中母公司为尼日利亚公司出具了所有责任的担保(但小编以为可能性比较小,否则一审法院不会轻易判决母公司不承担责任),但总体而言跨国公司在法律风险控制上需要给予海外子公司高度重视,包括环境责任,也包括贿赂腐败等。
小编辛苦地画完上面那幅图(绝对原创)后,眼睛都快花了,晕晕之中忽然觉得……图中荷兰的国旗,是不是和某个国家挺像?大家还记得前一阵子在土耳其击落俄罗斯战机之前,土耳其人为表示对俄罗斯轰炸叙利亚的抗议,杀向了俄罗斯领馆——的隔壁,荷兰使馆……原来这就是罪魁祸首:
荷兰国旗
俄罗斯国旗
4. A&O pay rise sparks Firm of the Year debate
With over 2,500 people taking the RollOnFriday Firm of the Year 2016 survey so far, the light and the dark sides of your firms are becoming clear.
One emerging theme is the impact of Allen & Overy's fat pay rises, which, an A&O associate purrs, "went down well". It has not gone unnoticed among staff at the other Magic Circle firms. At Linklaters, which came top of the Magic Circle in last year's survey, staff comment that management "need to get real" and "pay competitive salaries that are actually top of the market, cf. A&O, all US firms". At Slaughter and May, a lawyer comments "Despite significant increases, we are still paid less than Freshfields and A&O". And a Freshfields lawyer suggests that the firm's patented 'career milestone' system really just "keeps all associates on the minimum pay possible (i.e. nearly 2 years PQE and still on £72k)".
So A&O seems the MC firm to beat on remuneration. Except that Clifford Chance staff seem pretty happy: "Pay is good and bonuses seem fair", says one lawyer. The hours "could be better", with "terrible" work-life balance in some departments, but "they are no worse than those at any other Magic Circle firm". (Rollonfriday)
学霸词汇:spark:n. 火花,朝气,闪光;vt. 发动,鼓舞,求婚;vi. 闪烁,发火花,求婚。
小编解码:看完伤心难受的事情,来说说开心的事情——钱。有钱是真开心,没钱是穷开心,反正都是开心。今年英国魔术圈(Magic Circle)的大所们情况如何呢,看看私下调查各家律师民工的情况吧:
安理(Allen & Overy):涨工资了,不错。
年利达(Linklaters):去年在魔术圈待遇号称排第一,你妹啊,我们干活的怎么没觉得?你们管理层别来虚的,要实实在在地和安理比,和所有美国所比!
司力达(Slaughter and May):呜呜,尽管增长了不少,和富而德、安理比起来还是少啊。
富而德(Freshfields):神马?我们只拿到最低报酬啊 !!!
高伟绅(Clifford Chance):薪水还是不错滴,当然应该更好一些,更加注重工作和生活的平衡,不过相对于其他魔术圈的所所们,已经不坏了,哇咔咔
其实小编想说,各位拿高薪的大律们,有没有想到过低油价下能源民工们的待遇……
5. Trade talks lead to “death of Doha and birth of new WTO”
For the first time since the round was launched amid great fanfare in 2001, the WTO’s 164 members, ending a conference in Nairobi at the weekend, declined to “reaffirm” Doha’s mandate. The new line in Nairobi, said one senior trade official, amounted to “the death of Doha and the birth of a new WTO”.
It also marked a victory for the US and EU, who alongside other developed economies have argued that clinging to the long-stalled Doha negotiations was making the institution irrelevant in a changing global economy. (Financial Times)
学霸词汇:lead to:导致,通向。Doha :多哈(卡塔尔首都)。amid :prep. 在其中,在其间。fanfare:n. 吹牛,炫耀;喇叭或号角嘹亮的吹奏声;vt. 热热闹闹地宣布。Nairobi:内罗比(肯尼亚首都)。cling to:坚持;依靠;依附;紧握不放。long-stalled:长期止步不前的。
小编解码:还是从我们上大学的时候,就经常听到世界贸易组织(WTO)多哈回合谈判,转眼快15年过去了,还在谈……于是各国小伙伴们是在忍无可忍,终于在肯尼亚首都内罗比斩断了多哈回合的缕缕情丝。在此期间,西方发达国家对于多哈回合谈判久拖不决一直心怀不满,认为长此以往世贸组织将脱离现在不断发展的世界经济,于是有了各种新的安排,包括之前热议的踢屁屁(TPP)。按照一位高级贸易官员的话说,现在新的时候到来了,这一刻意味着“多哈谈判的死亡和世贸组织的新生”。
6. How Unions Could Change the Way Uber and Lyft Work
Seattle was the first U.S. city to pass a law allowing drivers for ride-hailing services to bargain collectively. Seattle became the first U.S. city to pass collective bargaining legislation on Monday. Unions pose a new kind of threat to Uber and Lyft's businesses, which connect riders with freelance drivers through a smartphone application. While the companies have been facing legal battles around the U.S. to reclassify drivers as employees and offer benefits, the new Seattle law bypassed that issue in favor of a focus on allowing them to organize into a union, giving drivers more weight in negotiations. A similar bill is expected to be introduced in California as soon as next month, according to the Los Angeles Times. (Bloomberg)
学霸词汇:Unions:工会。Seattle:西雅图。collective bargaining:劳资双方代表进行的谈判。freelance:自由职业,自由记者,自由作家。bypass:vt. 绕开,忽视,设旁路,迂回;n. 旁路,支路。
小编解码:当大家把焦点都集中在滴滴打车和传统出租车行业之间的紧张关系以及相关立法政策的限制时,其他问题也接踵而至,就包括文中提到的司机本身的性质和薪酬问题。西雅图成为美国第一个立法允许优步(Uber)司机成立工会、进行集体谈判的城市,其他如加利福尼亚等也将陆续通过类似法案。尽管立法绕过了这些司机是否属于员工、是否构成劳动关系这些敏感问题,但已经给司机们提供了非常大的保护。对于优步以及其竞争对手Lyft(滴滴对抗优步的美国同盟)等而言,这将对其商业模式构成一个新的挑战。目前国内也不断遇到诸如滴滴专车司机是否构成员工、滴滴是否有义务为其购买社会保险等案件,小编认为这是互联网模式下试图快速超车所必然带来的后遗症,因为——出来混,迟早要还的。
7. Samsung Asks Supreme Court to Hear Appeal of Patent Feud With Apple
Supreme Court has not taken a case on design patents in over a century. A blockbuster lawsuit between two tech giants over smartphone designs could soon be heading to the U.S. Supreme Court. Although Samsung has already written Apple a $548 million check, the Korean electronics giant insists that not only was the verdict in the patent case incorrect, but it highlights a flaw in the patent world that the nation’s highest court needs to fix.
学霸词汇:feud:n. 不和,争执,封地;vi. 长期不和,长期争斗。design patents:设计专利。blockbuster:n. 轰动;巨型炸弹;一鸣惊人者;大片。verdict:结论,裁定。
小编解码:三星、苹果的全球专利大战现在已经只剩下两个争议案件。如希望获得本案200多页的三星上诉书英文文本,可关注本公众号Legalnews后,将姓名、单位和邮箱发送给本公众号,小编将发给需要的小伙伴们。
8. Hundreds protest release of New Delhi rapist
Hundreds of protesters gathered in the heart of the Indian capital on Sunday to protest the release of the juvenile who was convicted of raping a young woman in a moving bus three years ago.
“In spite of all our efforts, the juvenile is free today. I regret it deeply,” said Badrinath Singh, the victim’s father, leading the protests. The crowd of protesters shouted, “Shame, shame.” The rapist’s release, he said, was a threat to women’s safety across the country.
Students held placards saying: “No exceptions, no excuses, hang the rapists” and “We have no faith in the judiciary.” Another sign said: “Incredible India. If you are 18, come, rape and walk away.” (The Washington Post)
学霸词汇:New Delhi :新德里(印度首都)。rapist:强奸犯。juvenile:青少年。be convicted of:被宣布有罪。placard:海报,标语牌;招贴。incredible:adj. 难以置信的,惊人的。
小编解码:印度的女性遭受侵犯、强奸,一直是印度人在世界上的耻辱,问题是既然是耻辱,为什么感觉没有改变的意思呢?看来一个民族的文化基因实在太难改变。面对这名被释放的强奸犯,看看印度人自己的冷愤怒:“不可思议的印度。如果你满18岁,欢迎过来,强奸完就可以走开。”
之前还报道过印度一名6岁女童遭40岁男子强奸,结果被要求嫁给强奸犯之子:印度时报报道,强奸犯是一名40岁男子,两周前强奸了邻居小女孩。事发后,村务委员会作出决定,将受害小女孩嫁给该男子的8岁儿子。而就在双方谈判期间,该男子再次强奸了小女孩。
同样具有这种践踏女性基因的,还有中东一些国家。凤凰网今年4月8日就曾报道,一名阿富汗妇女Gulnaz她在不到16岁的时候就被表哥Asadullah强奸,后来她怀孕了,迫于压力嫁给了强奸她的Asadullah,现在还怀着他的第3个孩子,类似的经历在阿富汗仿佛是件稀松平常的事。笔者想起了之前也看到一篇报道,一名西方女子在阿联酋被一名男子性侵犯,结果这名女子被判有罪……
图左为Gulnaz,图右为强奸犯Asadullah,图中为他们的女儿Smile。
9. EU data protection reform may promise more than it delivers
Implementing the biggest shake-up to Europe's fragmented data protection laws in two decades may fail to provide companies with the consistency and simplicity that had been promised across the 28-nation bloc.
A patchwork of privacy laws in the European Union, dating back to 1995 when the internet was in its infancy, was criticised for lacking teeth and being interpreted differently across the EU.
To tackle those failings, the EU last week agreed a sweeping overhaul of data protection rules which would introduce a single rule book, fines of up to 4 percent of a company's global turnover and simpler system of enforcement. (Reuters)
学霸词汇:shake-up:动摇,剧变。fragmented:adj. 片断的;成碎片的。consistency:一致性。simplicity:简单,简易。bloc:集团。patchwork:拼缝物,拼缀物;混杂物。infancy:初期,婴儿期。tackle:处理,解决。failings:缺点,缺陷,失败。sweeping:彻底的,广泛的。overhaul:大修。
小编解码:欧盟数据保护改革将有大动作。目前欧盟关于隐私的法律还是停留在1995年互联网刚刚兴起时的状态,长期来只是修修补补,因此一直饱受批评,认为其缺乏力度并且欧盟各成员国的解释也不尽相同。为了解决这些缺陷,欧盟决定对数据保护规则来一场大修补,引入单一规则手册、最高达到公司全球营收4%的罚金(相当巨额!)和更简单的执法系统。但最终效果如何,还要看时间的检验,各国利益和考量的不一致、跨国公司的游说等,都可能会给最终立法带来变量。
10. JPMorgan, Pension Funds Settle Investor Loss Case for $150M
JPMorgan Chase has agreed to pay $150 million to public pension funds and individuals hurt by its $6 billion "London Whale" trading loss, Ohio's attorney general announced Monday.
The settlement deal came in a 2012 class-action lawsuit that alleged JPMorgan Chase issued false and misleading statements regarding its trading activity, describing risky and speculative trading strategies as mere "hedges" or "risk management" devices. (ABCNEWS)
学霸词汇:public pension fund:公共养老基金。class-action lawsuit:集体诉讼。speculative:adj. 投机的;推测的;思索性的。hedge:套期保值。
小编解码:美国俄亥俄州检察长周一宣布,摩根大通同意向公共养老基金和个人支付1.5亿美元,这些基金和个人之前因60亿美元的“伦敦鲸”交易损失而受损。这一解决性交易是针对2012年的集体诉讼而达成的,该诉讼指称摩根大通发布了关于其交易活动的错误和误导性的声明,将风险性和投机性的交易策略描述为仅仅是“套期保值”或“风险管理”工具。
“伦敦鲸”("London Whale")指摩根大通交易员布鲁诺·伊克西尔(Bruno Iksil),其在伦敦金融市场出手凶狠而获称“伦敦鲸”,美国双线资本公司的主管巴哈曾说:“伯南克对国债市场的地位有多重要,埃克西尔在衍生品市场的地位就有多重要。” 2012年5月,这位伦敦鲸在叱咤风云的衍生品市场搁浅了,其押赌市场好转、企业信用环境将有所改善,然而受欧债危机演变和全球经济复苏不佳等因素影响,金融市场动荡加剧,市场信用环境恶化,企业违约风险攀升,其交易策略失败,在短短六周时间内信用衍生品交易亏损达到20亿美元,之后扩大到60亿美元,震惊全球金融界。由此导致在2012年4月13日至5月21日间,摩根大通股价大跌约四分之一,市值缩水逾400亿美元,此次和解将覆盖任何在这段时间内购买摩根大通股票而遭受损失的投资者。而摩根大通此前已就美国和英国当局针对伦敦鲸案的调查达成和解,同意支付超过10亿美元,并承认错误。
以小编的陋见,从来没有绝对的赢家,今天赚到的明天可能就吐出来,但永远不会回来的是一颗劳累的心,还有无限扩张的贪婪,以及逐步堕入黑暗面的人性。
11. Massachusetts man charged with fraud in 'Kung Fu Panda' case
A Massachusetts man who sued DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc claiming he had invented the title character in the 2008 film "Kung Fu Panda" committed fraud by back-dating drawings he relied on as evidence, U.S. federal prosecutors said on Monday.
Federal prosecutors in Boston charged Jayme Gordon, 51, of Randolph, Massachusetts, with wire fraud and perjury, asserting that he lied in a 2011 lawsuit against the Hollywood studio by claiming the high-kicking bear named Po infringed on characters he had developed in the 1990s. (Reuters)
学霸词汇:Massachusetts:美国马萨诸塞州。DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc:梦工厂动画公司。title character:剧名角色。perjury:伪证,伪誓。wire fraud:电信欺诈,An act of fraud using electronic communications, as by making false representations on the telephone to obtain money. The federal Wire Fraud Act provides that any artifice to defraud by means of wire or other electronic communications (such as radio or television) in foreign or interstate commerce is a crime. 【布莱克法律词典,Black’s Law Dictionary】
小编解码:刚说完人性的阴暗面,这位美国大叔Jayme Gordon就来亲身说法了。面对《功夫熊猫》的火热,2011年其将梦工厂动画公司告上法庭,称其制作的功夫熊猫阿波侵犯了他在上世纪九十年代创作的人物形象,这本也无可厚非,说不定当时真的有些灵感和阿波相似。但问题出在其在法庭上作为证据出示的原始图稿竟然被发现是伪造的,这下不但阿波没给要回来,自己反而给送进去了。当然这不影响我们继续抱着爆米花在Ipad前看免费的阿波。
12. Former Teachers Accused in Sex Case with Student, 16, Charged Year After Arrest
Two former Louisiana high school teachers accused in a sex case involving 16-year-old student have been formally charged more than a year after their arrest. The Jefferson Parish District Attorney's Office charged Shelley Dufresne, 33, with two counts of carnal knowledge of a juvenile, and 25-year-old Rachel Respess with one count of failure to report the commission of certain felonies, according to reports. The former Destrehan High School teachers were previously accused by authorities of having group sex with the teenager, but the charges brought against the pair on Monday did not accuse Respess of a sex crime, the New Orleans Times-Picayune reported. (MyFoxPhilly)
(从左到右) RachelRespess和Shelley Dufresne
学霸词汇:Louisiana:美国路易斯安那州。Jefferson Parish:杰佛逊县。carnal knowledge :性关系。juvenile : 青少年;少年读物。rapist:强奸犯。juvenile:青少年。felony:重罪。
小编解码:路易斯安那州的两名高中老师因涉嫌与一名16岁的学生发生性关系而被指控……其实兴趣才是最好、最纯朴的老师,男性小伙伴们,相信你们不需要小编的进一步翻译,都会坚持把这段惊心动魄的英文故事看完,既学习了英语,也增加了阅历(还有法律知识、儿童自我防范知识),可谓kill two birds with one stone(别想多了)。女性小伙伴们,看完后是不是背后冷汗:以后小鲜肉可不能随便乱碰了,也不要随便捏小朋友的脸了——性骚扰未成年人啊。
13. IRS Proposes Country-by-Country Reporting Rules for 2017
The IRS proposed rules requiring large companies to report information including the amount of revenue, profit or loss, capital and accumulated earnings for each country of operation, consistent with OECD recommendations designed to combat base erosion and profit shifting.
The proposed rules (REG-109822-15, RIN 1545-BM70) would apply to U.S. parent companies—those with at least $850 million in annual revenue for the preceding annual accounting period—for the taxable year beginning on or after the rules are made final, ensuring that for most companies they wouldn't take effect before Jan. 1, 2017. (Bloomberg BNA)
学霸词汇:IRS :美国国税局(Internal Revenue Service)。accumulated :adj. 累积的;累计的;达到。base erosion and profit shifting:税基侵蚀和利润转移。
小编解码:避税、逃税一直是各国政府头疼的事情,各种合理的、不合理的,向来是企业和政府之间猫和老鼠的游戏。例如正在进行中的辉瑞(Pfizer)和艾尔建(Allergan)之间高达1600亿美元的并购,普遍被市场认为主要是为了获得税收利益,因此也可能面临巨大的政治风险。
这其中,税基侵蚀和利润转移(Base Erosion and Profit Shifting,“BEPS”)日益成为各国优先解决的重点。BEPS是指利用不同税收管辖区的税制差异和规则错配进行税收筹划的策略,其目的是人为造成应税利润“消失”或将利润转移到没有或几乎没有实质经营活动的低税负国家(地区),从而达到在全球范围内不交或少交企业所得税的目的。经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, “OECD”)和20国集团各成员在平等基础上开展合作,制定了应对BEPS的15项行动计划,使征税行为与经济活动和价值创造保持一致,增加税收收入,并创建应对BEPS问题的一整套国际税收规则,为纳税人增加确定性和可预见性,并达到保护税基的目的。此项工作的重点是消除双重不征税,但在此过程中所创立的新规则不应导致双重征税,加重遵从负担或阻滞合法的跨境交易。
现在美国国税局提议2017年分国别报告规则,也是和OECD的建议保持一致,要求大公司提交其在每一个运营所在国的收入、利润或损失、资本和累计收益。这些规则将适用于年收入至少8.5亿美元的美国母公司,并确保对于大部分公司来说在2017年1月1日前不会产生影响。当然,这其中也可能面临一定的法律问题,例如所在国国家的法律可能禁止报告相关信息等,这些还需要进一步细化和解决。
14. Shell lays out £35.6bn BG deal
Royal Dutch Shell has issued a prospectus outlining the logic for its £35.6bn takeover of smaller rival BG Group. The acquisition was initially agreed in April as part of an effort to cut costs and extend Shell’s reach into the natural gas business. Since then, oil prices have fallen further, with Brent crude touching an 11-year low on Monday. (Financial Times)
学霸词汇:lay out:展示;安排;花钱;为…划样;提议。prospectus: 内容说明书,招股说明书,样张,创办计划书,学校的入学简介。outline:n. 轮廓,大纲,概要,略图;vt. 概述,略述,描画……轮廓。Brent:布伦特(原油),出产于北大西洋北海布伦特地区,伦敦洲际交易所和纽约商品交易所均有其期货交易,是市场油价的标杆。
小编解码:相信大家对荷兰皇家壳牌石油公司(Royal Dutch Shell)并购英国天然气公司(BG,注意不是BP)都比较熟悉了。日前壳牌公布了一份公开说明书,对这笔高达356亿英镑的交易进行了阐释。虽然并购达成时油价已经处于低点,但估计壳牌也没想到之后油价又降到11年来的新低……需要该份prospectus的小伙伴们可以关注本公众号(Legalnews),并发送姓名、单位和邮箱,小编会把700多页的英文原文资料发送给好学上进的小伙伴。
15. Investment in tech forecast for 2016 as law firm fee income grows
Investment in technology is a key theme for 2016 with signs that law firms are looking to increase their IT budget, as a strong first half year sees law firm fee income increase by almost 5% in the quarter ending 31 October 2015, according to the latest quarterly report by Deloitte.
According to a recent survey by IT trade association CompTIA, 72% of law firms rate technology as highly important to their business and 71% plan to increase their budget for IT over the next 12 months.
However, many law firms still lack a clear IT roadmap, with 40% of professional services firms saying they need help with their technology strategy. (Legaltechnology)
学霸词汇:Deloitte:德勤(四大会计师事务所之一)。rate:vt. 认为,估价,责骂;vi. 责骂,被评价;n. 比率,率,速度,价格,等级。 roadmap:路标,路线图。
小编解码:科技向来是产业升级、社会进步的推动力量,而现代社会计算机、互联网等信息通信技术则是这一推动力量的重要方向,古老的律师服务行业也不例外。据德勤最新的季度报告,律所上半年度的费用收入增长强劲,几乎达到了5%。随着律所服务收入的不断提高,其预算也将得到增长,而2016年IT投资将成为一个关键项目。根据美国计算机行业协会(Computing Technology Industry Association,CompTIA)的近期调查,72%的律所认为技术对其业务非常重要,71%的律所计划在未来的12个月内提高IT预算。然而很多律所都缺乏清晰的IT路线图,40%的律所称在技术战略上需要得到帮助。
这里面提到的美国计算机行业协会是在全球ICT领域最具影响力的、最大的、全球领先的行业协会,自1982年成立之日起,一直致力于通过各种标准、专业能力、教育和商业解决方案促进信息技术(ICT)产业及相关从业人员的发展。
观察国内,很多律所已经在逐步增加对技术和互联网的投入,有的甚至提高到战略的高度。据说哈佛大学商学院教授到天同律所访问,想将他们写进《全球专业服务公司领导力课程》的课堂案例,结果发现了一件有意思的事:天同律所是全球第一家网络工程师人数超过律师人数的律所。
16. Scottish plan for minimum alcohol price “contrary to EU law”
The European Court of Justice has ruled that imposing a minimum price for alcohol could breach EU law, in a verdict that will come as a blow to Nicola Sturgeon, the Scottish first minister.
The Scottish government now faces having to rethink its plan to block sales of cheap alcohol, which was also considered and then shelved by David Cameron before the last election. (The Times)
学霸词汇: Scottish:adj. 苏格兰的,苏格兰人的,苏格兰语的;n. 苏格兰人,苏格兰语。contrary to:与…相反,违反。impose:vi. 利用,欺骗,施加影响;vt. 强加,征税,以…欺骗。verdict:裁定,裁判。rethink:vt. 重新考虑,再想;vi. 重新考虑,再想;n. 重新考虑,反思,新想法。block:n. 块,街区,大厦,障碍物;vt. 阻止,阻塞,限制。shelve:vt. 搁置,将某事放到一旁不予考虑,将(书等)放置在架子上。
小编解码:欧洲法院判决对酒限定最低销售价格违反欧盟法律,这对于计划推行最低价格控制的苏格兰首席部长尼古拉·斯特金(Nicola Sturgeon)来说是个打击。现在苏格兰政府不得不重新考虑其阻止销售廉价酒的计划,而这一计划在英国首相卡梅伦上一次选举前也被考虑过,但后来束之高阁了。
为什么要他们要限制低价酒?理由是为了防止纵饮带来的公共秩序和健康问题。这和烟草税有着类似的逻辑,例如世界卫生组织就大力提倡各国通过增加烟草税来控烟,并常常批评已经加入《世卫组织烟草控制框架公约》 的中国烟草税过低,政策效果最差。然而价格限制意味着各方利益的博弈和平衡,也涉及到公平竞争和垄断的问题。果然苏格兰这次就被欧盟给拎出来示众了。
而对于纯商业角度的价格限制,同样也会遇到类似法律风险。据报道,茅台曾为了稳定价格、维护品牌形象,对经销商的零售价格制定了严格的限价令,并且对6家低价和串货的经销商作出了严厉的惩罚措施,批评了15家低价、违规销售的经销商。而在上述两家白酒公司向其经销商发布限价令后不久,国家发改委对茅台、五粮液的行为进行调查,其后茅台发布公告宣布取消“限价令”,但仍然未能免于处罚,茅台和五粮液因实施价格垄断行为分别被处以2.47亿元与2.02亿元的罚款,均占其各自2012年度销售额的1%。这对企业法务反垄断合规是一个重要警示案例。
17. U.S. appeals court says government cannot censor offensive trademarks
A U.S. appeals court on Tuesday struck down part of a federal law that barred the registration of offensive trademarks, in a ruling that could affect an attempt by the NFL's Washington Redskins to overturn the cancellation of its trademarks.
In its decision vacating the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's refusal to register the name of the Asian-American rock band The Slants, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said the ban violates the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The Washington, D.C.-based court acknowledged its ruling could lead to more hateful trademarks in the future. (Reuter)
学霸词汇:censor :vt. 审查,检查;检查和删节。offensive:adj. 攻击的;冒犯的;无礼的;讨厌的。strike down:杀死,击倒,驳回。NFL :abbr. (美)全国橄榄球联盟(National Football League)。 vacate:vi. 空出,腾出,辞职,休假;vt. 空出,搬出,取消,使撤退。Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit:联邦巡回上诉法院。First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution:美国宪法第一修正案。
小编解码:美国专利与商标局拒绝将亚裔美国人摇滚乐队的名称注册为The Slants(斜眼),认为该申请商标具有冒犯性;而美国联邦巡回上诉法院撤销了该局不予注册的决定,认为违反了美国宪法第一修正案。这一判决对于另一个案件也会产生影响:美国全国橄榄球联盟的华盛顿红人(Washington Redskins)是国家橄榄球联盟在马里兰州兰德奥佛的一支球队,其Redskins商标由于涉嫌对北美印第安人有侮辱之意而被撤销,而该球队试图推翻对其商标的撤销。
slant在英语里面有对亚洲人歧视的含义,意思是斜眼、咪咪眼,大概来源就是鬼佬们对中国人的早期印象是:中国人都长着一对45度的斜眼(slant eyes),跟眼睛的形状有关的类似歧视语还有chink (斜眼怪)、coin slot(投币口)、slot machine(投币机)、two strokes(两划)等。大家是不是觉得满满的仇恨?那就快快成长起来,推翻美英帝国在全球的优势地位,逆转英美人的人种优势心理吧!
18. Swiss banks to pay $178 mln in latest U.S. Justice Dept settlements
Four Swiss banks will pay a total of more than $178 million to the U.S. Department of Justice to avoid possible prosecution for helping Americans evade taxes, the department said on Wednesday.
The Justice Department has now reached agreements with 75 Swiss banks under a voluntary program it launched in 2013 to allow Swiss banks to resolve potential criminal charges by disclosing cross-border activities that helped U.S. account holders conceal assets. (Reuters)
学霸词汇:Swiss:瑞士。
小编解码: 瑞士除了景点和军刀,给世人最深的两个印象,一个是中立国的地位,另一个是瑞士银行的保密传统(还有不为世人所知的真实财富量)。然而随着各国的不断施压,瑞士银行的保密法则面临着巨大的挑战。四家瑞士银行将向美国司法部总共支付1.78亿美元,来免于帮助美国人逃税的指控(美国人向全球割韭菜的方式之一啊)。同时美国司法部和75家瑞士银行达成协议,后者将披露那些帮助美国账户持有人隐匿资产的跨境活动,以避免潜在的刑事指控。
19. Poland’s senate votes to curb power of top court
Poland’s senate has approved proposed changes to the country’s highest court that have triggered protests at home and EU warnings that they could undermine the rule of law.
The bill, which curbs the power of the constitutional court, was pushed through by rightwing senators, who hold a majority in the upper house, in the early hours of Thursday after an overnight session. (Guardian)
学霸词汇:Poland :波兰。senate:参议院,上院;(古罗马的)元老院。curb:n. 抑制,路边,勒马绳;vt. 控制,勒住。trigger:vt. 引发,引起;触发。undermine:vt. 破坏,渐渐破坏;挖掘地基。constitutional court:宪法法院。rightwing:右翼的。senator:参议员。
小编解码:右翼参议员控制的波兰参议院,在经过连夜会议后,周四通过了一项立法来限制宪法法院的权力。这不仅在波兰国内引发了抗议,而且也受到欧盟的警告,称此举将破坏波兰的法治。对于具有三权分立特色的西方国家来说,立法限制法院(尤其这里是宪法法院)的权力,必然使得分权与制衡机制受到破坏,引发对国家政治和法治的担忧。好了,小编不便再多说了,再多说就出现敏感词了……
20. Center for Class Action Fairness wants rehearing of LexisNexis settlement case
A Washington, D.C.-based public interest law firm is asking a federal appeals court to rehear a settlement case, arguing that the deal -- reached over the sale of personal data reports to debt collectors -- is unfair to the class and that class attorneys are seeking enormous fees.
On Friday, the Center for Class Action Fairness, now a subunit of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, asked the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit to rehear the settlement case against LexisNexis, known for providing computer-assisted legal research and business research and risk management services. (Legal Newsline)
学霸词汇:class action:集体诉讼。rehear:vt. 再审;[法] 复审;再听。
小编解码:相信大家对律商联讯(LexisNexis)都很熟悉了,大多数也都用过他家的法律数据库,当然还有商业数据库和风险管理等服务。然而大家可能不知道的是,律商联讯掌握着超过2亿人的信息,而数百万人的信息报告被其卖给了讨债者,因此一直在美国官司不断,不过大多是以和解了结。
现在集体诉讼公平中心(Center for Class Action Fairness)跳出来,说文中的和解案件对原告是不公平的,而且原告代理律师收费也太高,要求法院重审该案。小编看了审理该案的美国第四巡回上诉法院公布的法官意见,里面列示的原审原告和被告都成了被上诉人……这家集体诉讼公平中心是一个总部在华盛顿的公益性质的律师事务所,现在是美国企业竞争力研究所(Competitive Enterprise Institute,一个非盈利的自由主义智库)的下属单位。真是活雷锋啊。